Biology test (9th grade) on the topic: Test "Asexual and sexual reproduction." Sexual and asexual reproduction Biology test: asexual reproduction of organisms

The fundamental differences between sexual and asexual reproduction are that sexual reproduction:

ensures genetic constancy of the species

occurs only in higher organisms

provides combinative variability

The biological significance of meiosis (sexual process) lies in the formation of cells involved in sexual reproduction, in maintaining the constancy of the species number of chromosomes; creating conditions for combinative variability and arbitrary divergence of parental chromosomes into gametes. Spores of mosses, ferns and some other groups of plants are formed by the meiotic route. Violation of meiosis leads to pathological changes.

How many sperm are formed as a result of spermatogenesis from two primary germ cells?

Spermatogenesis is the process of transformation of diploid spermatogonia (precursors of germ cells) into sperm. After the second division, spermatozoa begin the second meiotic division, which results in the formation of 4 haploid germ cells. After differentiation, they become mature sperm. Based on this, from two primary germ cells as a result of spermatogenesis, eight sperm.

The difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis is that:

in oogenesis four equal gametes are formed, and in spermatogenesis one

in oogenesis one full-fledged gamete is formed, and in spermatogenesis - four

eggs contain more chromosomes than sperm

Features of spermatogenesis and oogenesis are that during the formation of sperm, each of four daughter cells are complete and capable of fertilizing the egg. But during the maturation of eggs, meiotic division occurs differently: the cytoplasm is distributed unevenly between daughter cells. At the same time, only one from the resulting four cells it becomes a viable egg.

How many divisions of the original cell occur during gametogenesis?

In gametogenesis, the original cell divided once.

The number of germ cells formed in the body can most likely depend on:

supply of nutrients in the cell

age of the individual

probability of gametes meeting each other

Asexual reproduction predominates in the life cycle:

hydra

sharks

chafer

In the life of a hydra asexual reproduction dominates above the genital Asexual reproduction occurs by budding. A protrusion appears on the body of the hydra, which captures the ecto- and endoderm. The emerging bud increases in size, a constriction forms at its base, and a mouth opening appears, surrounded by tentacles. The formed young hydra buds from the mother.

Gametes in ferns are formed:

on the leaves

in disputes

on the shoots

The gametophyte in a fern begins with the development of a tiny pale green chain of algae-like cells. Then a flat heart-shaped filmy structure is formed from it - outgrowth with numerous rhizoids in the center of the lower surface. There, on the lower surface, antheridia and archegonia are formed. Antheridia usually appear earlier, and archegonia later. Numerous spirally twisted, multiflagellate spermatozoa are formed in the antheridia.

Endosperm in flowering plants is formed during fusion.

sperm and eggs

polar nucleus and sperm

two polar nuclei and sperm

After one of the sperm fertilizes the egg, a diploid zygote is formed (the embryo of a new plant organism develops from it). Second sperm fuses with two polar nuclei(or with a central diploid nucleus), forming a triploid cell, from which nutritional tissue, the endosperm, subsequently arises. Its cells contain a supply of nutrients necessary for the development of the plant embryo.

Double fertilization occurs in.

cuckoo flax moss

Scots pine

chamomile officinalis

Chamomile belongs to the department Angiosperms, or Flowering plants, and pine and moss belong to different groups. Flowering plants are characterized by double fertilization.

A form of reproduction in which the hereditary information of the offspring is identical to that of the mother.

sexual

asexual

budding

Asexual reproduction- the oldest form of reproduction on our planet. It consists in the division of a single-celled organism and the formation of daughter individuals. More often, this form of reproduction is found in prokaryotes, plants, fungi and protozoa, and is also observed in some animal species.

A form of reproduction in which a new organism develops from a zygote.

sexual

asexual

both answers are correct

At sexually During reproduction, an individual of each next generation arises as a result of the fusion of two specialized haploid cells - gametes. Most often, gametes are formed in special organs of male and female individuals. As a result of fertilization, the chromosomes of the egg and sperm end up in the same nucleus, and a zygote is formed - the first cell of a new organism.

The significance of crossing over in meiosis.

increases sperm count

reduces the number of eggs

Crossing over occurs when identical sections of homologous chromosomes are exchanged. This increases genetic diversity of germ cells, since as a result of this process chromosomes are formed that carry the genes of both the father and the mother. Thus, meiosis underlies combinative variation.

What is the advantage of double fertilization in angiosperms?

in the formation of mechanical tissue

in the formation of nutritional tissue

in the formation of the embryo

Comparing two methods of reproduction - asexual and sexual, we can conclude that asexual reproduction leads to the appearance of individuals that are genetic copies of the parent. This method is ideal for propagation in stable, unchanging environmental conditions. In contrast, sexual reproduction promotes recombination of parental genes and hence diversity in the offspring. This method of reproduction is very important for the evolutionary progress of the species ( prosperity of the species) in constantly changing conditions of existence.

Task 1. “Asexual and sexual reproduction”

Indicate and explain the correct statements:

1. 
   In asexual reproduction, one individual always participates in reproduction.
2. 
   Two individuals are required for sexual reproduction.
3. 
   Asexual reproduction always occurs without the participation of germ cells.
4. 
   Sexual reproduction always occurs with the help of germ cells.
5. 
   Asexual reproduction occurs only through mitosis.
6. 
   During sexual reproduction, meiosis is necessarily present in the life cycle.
7. 
   In asexual reproduction, offspring inherit characteristics from only one parent.
8. 
   During sexual reproduction, offspring always inherit the characteristics of two parents.
9. 
   In asexual reproduction, the offspring are genetically identical to the mother.
10. 
    During sexual reproduction, the offspring always differ from the parent organisms.
11. 
    The advantage of asexual reproduction: it allows you to quickly obtain a large number of offspring from a given organism.
12. 
    The advantage of sexual reproduction: it leads to the creation of unique combinations of gene alleles and supplies material for selection.

Task 2. “Forms of asexual reproduction”

1. 
   What forms of asexual reproduction are indicated in the figure by numbers 1 - 6?
2. 
   What genetic material do daughters have during asexual reproduction?
3. 
   In mosses, meiosis occurs during the formation of spores. Will seedlings grown from different spores be genetically identical?

Task 3. “Forms of asexual reproduction”

Fill the table:

Task 4. “Asexual and sexual reproduction”

Fill the table:

Task 5. “Asexual reproduction”

Test 1. A form of asexual reproduction characteristic of mosses and ferns:

1. 
   
2. 
   
3. 
   
4. 
   

Test 2. A form of asexual reproduction characteristic of hydra, yeast:

1. 
   Binary fission. 5. Cloning.
2. 
   Schizogony. 6. Vegetative propagation.
3. 
   Fragmentation. 7. Polyembryony.
4. 
   Budding. 8. Sporulation.

Test 3. A form of asexual reproduction characteristic of fruit and berry crops:

1. 
   Binary fission. 5. Cloning.
2. 
   Schizogony. 6. Vegetative propagation.
3. 
   Fragmentation. 7. Polyembryony.
4. 
   Budding. 8. Sporulation.

Test 4. Natural form of asexual reproduction known in humans:

1. 
   Binary fission. 5. Cloning.
2. 
   Schizogony. 6. Vegetative propagation.
3. 
   Fragmentation. 7. Polyembryony.
4. 
   Budding. 8. In humans, there is no asexual reproduction.

Test 5. A form of asexual reproduction characteristic of planaria and some annelids:

1. 
   Binary fission. 5. Cloning.
2. 
   Schizogony. 6. Vegetative propagation.
3. 
   Fragmentation. 7. Polyembryony.
4. 
   Budding. 8. Sporulation.

**Test 6. Asexual reproduction is characterized by:

1. 
   The offspring has the genes of only one, the maternal organism.
2. 
   Offspring are genetically different from the parent organisms.
3. 
   One individual participates in the formation of offspring.
4. 
   The offspring is always genetically identical to the maternal organism.
5. 
   Two individuals usually participate in the formation of offspring.

Test 7. Supplies material for selection and allows the species to adapt to changing environmental conditions:

1. 
   Asexual reproduction.
2. 
   Sexual reproduction.
3. 
   Both asexual and sexual reproduction are equally common.
4. 
   The form of reproduction does not matter.

**Test 8. Correct judgments:

1. 
   Parthenogenesis is a special form of asexual reproduction.
2. 
   Parthenogenesis is a special form of sexual reproduction.
3. 
   Parthenogenetic development is known in aphids, bees, and daphnia.
4. 
   Parthenogenetic progeny is known in humans.

**Test 9. Correct judgments:

1. 
   Hermaphrodites are organisms that can produce both male and female gametes.
2. 
   Gametes have a haploid set of chromosomes, the zygote has a diploid set.
3. 
   B.L. Astaurov developed methods for purposefully obtaining 100% of individuals of the same sex.
4. 
   Bacteria divide by mitosis.

Test 10. Correct judgment:

1. 
   Asexual reproduction has no advantages over sexual reproduction.
2. 
   Gametes and the zygote have a haploid set of chromosomes.
3. 
   Two individuals always take part in sexual reproduction.
4. 
   Sexual reproduction dramatically increases the hereditary variability of offspring.

Task 6. “Structure of chromosomes”

What levels of DNA compaction are indicated by the letters a-d?

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 - 9?
2. 
   How many chromatids and DNA molecules are there on the chromosome labeled 1?
3. 
   When are chromosomes visible in the cell nucleus?
4. 
   What is the diploid (2n) and haploid (n) set of human chromosomes?
5. 
   
6. 
   What is the maximum length of DNA in one human chromosome?
7. 
   What is the length of all DNA molecules in the nucleus of a human cell?

Task 7. “Life cycle of a cell”

Give answers to the questions about the picture:

1. 
   What periods of interphase are indicated by numbers 1 - 3?
2. 
   What is the set of chromosomes and DNA at different periods of interphase?
3. 
   What periods of mitosis are indicated by numbers 4 - 7?
4. 
   What is the set of chromosomes and DNA at different periods of mitosis?

Task 8. “Mitotic cycle”

Fill the table:

Task 9. “Interphase, mitosis”

Write down the test numbers, against each - the correct answer options

Test 1. During interphase of the mitotic cycle, DNA doubles:

1. 
   During the synthetic period.
2. 
   During the post-synthetic period.
3. 
   Into metaphase.

Test 2. Active cell growth occurs:

1. 
   During the presynthetic period.
2. 
   During the synthetic period.
3. 
   During the post-synthetic period.
4. 
   Into metaphase.

Test 3. The cell has a set of chromosomes and DNA 2n4c and is preparing to divide:

1. 
   During the presynthetic period.
2. 
   During the synthetic period.
3. 
   During the post-synthetic period.
4. 
   Into metaphase.

Test 4. The spiralization of chromosomes begins, the nuclear membrane dissolves:

1. 
   In prophase.
2. 
   Into anaphase.
3. 
   Into metaphase.

Test 5. Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell:

1. 
   In prophase.
2. 
   In telophase.
3. 
   Into anaphase.
4. 
   Into metaphase.

Test 6. Chromatids move away from each other and become independent chromosomes:

1. 
   Into anaphase.
2. 
   In telophase.
3. 
   In prophase.
4. 
   Into metaphase.

**Test 7. The number of chromosomes and DNA is 2n4c:

1. 
   In prophase.
2. 
   Into metaphase.
3. 
   Into anaphase.
4. 
   In telophase.

Test 8. The number of chromosomes and DNA is 4n4c:

1. 
   In prophase.
2. 
   Into metaphase.
3. 
   Into anaphase.
4. 
   In telophase.

Test 9. The inactive part of DNA in a cell is represented by:

1. 
   Chromatin.
2. 
   Euchromatin.
3. 
   Heterochromatin.
4. 
   All DNA in a cell is active.

**Test 10. Single chromatid chromosomes:

1. 
   In prophase. 5. During the presynthetic period.
2. 
   Into metaphase. 6. During the synthetic period.
3. 
   Into anaphase. 7. During the post-synthetic period.
4. 
   In telophase.

Task 10. “Chromosomes. Mitosis"

1. 
   What is a diploid set of chromosomes?
2. 
   Which chromosomes are called homologous?
3. 
   Which chromosomes are called metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric?
4. 
   Which chromosomes are called satellite chromosomes?
5. 
   What are the primary constriction and ends of the chromosome called?
6. 
   How many chromosomes and DNA are there in different periods of interphase in a diploid cell?
7. 
   How many chromosomes and DNA are there in different periods of mitosis in a diploid cell?
8. 
   What are chromosomes called during the interphase period?
9. 
   What is euchromatin? Heterochromatin?

Task 11. The most important terms and concepts: “Mitosis”

1. Chromatin. 2. Chromatids. 3. Nucleosome. 4. Nucleosome fibril. 5. Chromonema. 6. Telomere. 7. Centromere. 8. Diploid set of chromosomes. 9. Cytokinesis. 10. Karyokinesis.

Task 12. “Meiosis”

First meiotic division

Give answers to the questions about the picture:

Second meiotic division

1. 
   What is the set of chromosomes and DNA in cells before the first meiotic division?
2. 
   What is the set of chromosomes and DNA in cells during different periods of the first meiotic division?
3. 
   What is the set of chromosomes and DNA in cells before the second meiotic division?
4. 
   What is the set of chromosomes and DNA in cells during different periods of the second meiotic division?
5. 
   At what stage of meiosis does conjugation and crossing of chromosomes occur?
6. 
   In meiosis, recombination of genetic material occurs three times. When?
7. 
   

Task 13. “Meiotic divisions”

Fill the table:

Meiotic divisions	Ongoing processes	Number of chromosomes (n) and amount of DNA (s)
Reduction
Prophase-1 Leptotene Zygotene Pachytena Diplotena Diakinesis Metaphase-1 Anaphase-1 Telophase-1
Interphase
Equational
Prophase-2 Metaphase-2 Anaphase-2 Telophase-2

Task 14. “Meiosis”

Write down the test numbers, against each - the correct answer options

Test 1. Conjugation of homologous chromosomes occurs during the period:

1. 
   Prophase 1. 5. Prophase 2.
2. 
   Metaphase 1. 6. Metaphase 2.
3. 
   Anaphase 1. 7. Anaphase 2.
4. 
   Telophase 1. 8. Telophase 2.

Test 2. At the end of the 1st meiotic division, the set of chromosomes and DNA is:

1. 
   nc. 5. 2n4c.
2. 
   n2c. 6. 4n4c.
3. 
   n4c.
4. 
   2n2c.

Test 3. At the end of the 2nd division of meiosis, the set of chromosomes and DNA is:

1. 
   nc. 5. 2n4c.
2. 
   n2c. 6. 4n4c.
3. 
   n4c.
4. 
   2n2c.

**Test 4. The set of chromosomes and DNA 2n4c is typical for the periods:

1. 
   Prophases 1. 5. Prophases 2.
2. 
   Metaphases 1. 6. Metaphases 2.
3. 
   Anaphases 1. 7. Anaphases 2.
4. 
   Telophases 1. 8. Telophases 2.

Test 5. The set of chromosomes and DNA 4n4c is typical for the period:

1. 
   Prophase 1. 5. Prophase 2.
2. 
   Metaphase 1. 6. Metaphase 2.
3. 
   Anaphase 1. 7. Anaphase 2.
4. 
   Telophase 1. 8. Such a set cannot exist.

**Test 6. The set of chromosomes and DNA n2c is typical for the periods:

1. 
   Prophase 1. 5. Prophase 2.
2. 
   Metaphase 1. 6. Metaphase 2.
3. 
   Anaphase 1. 7. Anaphase 2.
4. 
   Telophase 1. 8. Telophase 2.

Test 7. The set of chromosomes and DNA 2n2c is typical for the period:

1. 
   Prophase 1. 5. Prophase 2.
2. 
   Metaphase 1. 6. Metaphase 2.
3. 
   Anaphase 1. 7. Anaphase 2.
4. 
   Telophase 1. 8. Telophase 2.

Test 8. The set of chromosomes and DNA nc is typical for the period:

1. 
   Prophase 1. 5. Prophase 2.
2. 
   Metaphase 1. 6. Metaphase 2.
3. 
   Anaphase 1. 7. Anaphase 2.
4. 
   Telophase 1. 8. Telophase 2.

**Test 9. Recombination of genetic material occurs during periods:

1. 
   Prophase 1. 5. Prophase 2.
2. 
   Metaphase 1. 6. Metaphase 2.
3. 
   Anaphase 1. 7. Anaphase 2.
4. 
   Telophase 1. 8. Telophase 2.

Test 10. Crossing over occurs during the period:

1. 
   Prophase 1. 5. Prophase 2.
2. 
   Metaphase 1. 6. Metaphase 2.
3. 
   Anaphase 1. 7. Anaphase 2.
4. 
   Telophase 1. 8. Telophase 2.

Task 15. “Meiosis”

1. 
   What is the biological meaning of meiosis?
2. 
   What is the set of chromosomes and DNA before the first meiotic division?
3. 
   What is the set of chromosomes and DNA before the second meiotic division?
4. 
   What are the most important processes that occur during prophase 1 of meiosis?
5. 
   What is the set of chromosomes and DNA in cells at different periods of the 1st meiotic division?
6. 
   During what phases of the first meiotic division does recombination of genetic material occur?
7. 
   What is characteristic of the interphase between the first and second divisions of meiosis?
8. 
   What is the set of chromosomes and DNA in cells during different periods of the 2nd meiotic division?
9. 
   During what phase of the second meiotic division does recombination of genetic material occur?
10. 
    In meiosis, recombination of genetic material occurs three times. When?
11. 
    List the phases of meiosis during which the chromosomes are bichromatid.
12. 
    How many cells are formed as a result of meiosis from one mother cell?

Task 16. The most important terms and concepts: “Meiosis”

Define the terms or expand on the concepts (in one sentence, emphasizing the most important features):

1. Conjugation. 2. Crossing over. 3. Haploid set of chromosomes. 4. Reduction division of meiosis. 5. Recombination into anaphase-1. 6. Recombination into anaphase-2. 7. Equational division of meiosis.

Task 17. “Gametogenesis”

1. 
   What is the set of chromosomes in the reproduction zone, where gamete precursors divide mitotically?
2. 
   What is the set of chromosomes in the growth zone before the first meiotic division?
3. 
   What is the set of chromosomes and DNA after the first meiotic division? After the second division?
4. 
   How many normal eggs are produced from one oocyte entering meiosis?

Task 18. “Structure of germ cells”

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 - 12?
2. 
   What is the size of a human egg?
3. 
   When are eggs formed in humans?
4. 
   Where are the nucleus and mitochondria located in the sperm?

Task 19. “Gametogenesis. Fertilization"

Write down the test numbers, against each - the correct answer options

Test 1. Set of chromosomes of gamete precursors in the reproduction zone:

1. 
   Diploid.
2. 
   Haploid.
3. 
   Spermatogonia are diploid, oogonia are haploid.
4. 
   Spermatogonia are haploid, oogonia are diploid.

Test 2. Set of chromosomes and DNA of cells in the maturation zone after the first meiotic division:

1. 
   2n4c.
2. 
   2n2c.
3. 
   n2c.

Test 3. Gamete chromosome set:

1. 
   2n4c.
2. 
   2n2c.
3. 
   n2c.

**Test 4. Periods of spermatogenesis:

1. 
   Height.
2. 
   Development.
3. 
   Reproduction.
4. 
   Maturation.
5. 
   Formation.

Test 5. From one spermatocyte after two meiotic divisions the following is formed:

1. 
   8 sperm.
2. 
   2 sperm.
3. 
   1 sperm.
4. 
   4 sperm.

Test 6. The Golgi complex in the sperm is located:

1. 
   In the head.
2. 
   In the neck.
3. 
   In a ponytail.

Test 7. Mitochondria in the sperm are located:

1. 
   In the head.
2. 
   In the neck.
3. 
   In the intermediate department.
4. 
   In a ponytail.

Test 8. The centrioles in the sperm are located:

1. 
   In the head.
2. 
   In the neck.
3. 
   In the intermediate department.
4. 
   In a ponytail.

**Test 9. Correct judgments:

1. 
   In the growth zone the chromosome set is 2n.
2. 
   In the maturation zone, two divisions of meiosis occur - reduction and equational.
3. 
   During oogenesis, four normal eggs are formed from one oocyte.
4. 
   During oogenesis, one normal egg and four directional (polar) bodies are formed from one oocyte.

**Test 10. Correct judgments:

1. 
   The human egg measures about 0.1 mm.
2. 
   Eggs in humans begin to form at the embryonic stage.
3. 
   The human egg has two membranes - shiny and radiant.
4. 
   The human egg lacks ribosomes and mitochondria.

Task 20. The most important terms and concepts: “Gametogenesis.”

Define the terms or expand on the concepts (in one sentence, emphasizing the most important features):

1. Gametogenesis. 2. Gametogonium. 3. Gametocytes of the 1st order. 4. Gametocytes of the 2nd order. 5. Alecithal, isolecithal eggs. 6. Oogenesis. 7. Spermatogenesis. 8. Moderately telolecithal, strongly telolecithal eggs. 9. Animal and vegetative poles of the egg 10. Parthenogenesis.

Task 21. “Main stages
embryogenesis"

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 - 11?
2. 
   What is formed as a result of the fragmentation of a zygote?
3. 
   
4. 
   
5. 
   From which germ layer does the neural tube form?
6. 
   What is the name of an embryo with a formed axial complex?
7. 
   What happens if a section of the ectoderm from which the nervous system is formed is taken from one gastrula and transplanted under the abdominal ectoderm of another gastrula?

Task 22. “Derivatives of germ layers”

Fill the table:

Task 23. Complete tests: “Embryogenesis”

Write down the test numbers, against each - the correct answer options

Test 1.As a result of complete fragmentation of the zygote, the following is formed:

1. 
   Neirula.
2. 
   Blastula.
3. 
   Gastrula.
4. 
   Morula.

Test 2. Cavity inside the blastula:

1. 
   Blastocoel.
2. 
   Gastrocel.
3. 
   Secondary body cavity.
4. 
   

Test 3. Two-layer embryo with germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm:

1. 
   Gastrula.
2. 
   Blastula.
3. 
   Neirula.
4. 
   Morula.

Test 4. The cavity into which the primary mouth leads:

1. 
   Blastocoel.
2. 
   Gastrocel.
3. 
   Secondary body cavity.
4. 
   Mixed body cavity (mixocel).

Test 5. Deuterostomes include:

1. 
   Coelenterates and sponges.
2. 
   Flat and round worms.
3. 
   Molluscs and arthropods.
4. 
   Echinoderms and chordates.

Test 6. Embryo with axial organ complex:

1. 
   Gastrula.
2. 
   Blastula.
3. 
   Neirula.
4. 
   Morula.

**Test 7. Ectoderm derivatives:

1. 
   
2. 
   
3. 
   
4. 
   
5. 
   Nervous system. 10. Liver.

**Test 8. Endoderm derivatives:

1. 
   Epidermis of the skin. 6. Digestive system.
2. 
   Epithelium of the mouth and rectum. 7. Pancreas.
3. 
   Circulatory system. 8. Respiratory system.
4. 
   Excretory system. 9. Reproductive system.
5. 
   Nervous system. 10. Liver.

**Test 9. Mesoderm derivatives:

1. 
   Epidermis of the skin. 6. Digestive system.
2. 
   Epithelium of the mouth and rectum. 7. Pancreas.
3. 
   Circulatory system. 8. Skeleton and muscles.
4. 
   Excretory system. 9. Reproductive system.
5. 
   Nervous system. 10. Liver.

**Test 10. Animals with indirect postembryonic development:

1. 
   Mammals. 5. Butterflies.
2. 
   Birds. 6. Locust.
3. 
   Reptiles. 7. Spiders.
4. 
   Amphibians. 8. Cockroaches.

Task 24. “Ontogenesis”

Write down the question numbers and answer in one sentence:

1. 
   What is the individual development of an organism from the formation of the zygote to the end of life called?
2. 
   What is the development of an organism from the zygote to birth or to emergence from the egg membranes called?
3. 
   What is the period from birth to the end of life called?
4. 
   What zones are distinguished in the gonads?
5. 
   What is the set of chromosomes and DNA of gametogoniums? 1st and 2nd order gametocytes?
6. 
   What is formed during spermatogenesis from one spermatocyte?
7. 
   What is formed after oogenesis from 1 oocyte?
8. 
   What are the membranes of a mammalian egg called?
9. 
   What is the size of a mammalian egg?
10. 
    Which organisms have alecithal eggs?
11. 
    Which organisms have isolecithal eggs?
12. 
    Which organisms have moderately telolecithal eggs?
13. 
    Which organisms have strongly telolecithal eggs?
14. 
    What is the development of an organism from an unfertilized egg called?
15. 
    Which organisms have haploid parthenogenesis?
16. 
    Which organisms have diploid parthenogenesis?
17. 
    How does the fragmentation period end?
18. 
    What is subsequently formed from the blastocoel?
19. 
    What is the name of an embryo with two germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm?
20. 
    What is the name of the opening in the gastrula?
21. 
    What organisms are deuterostomes?
22. 
    At what stage is the embryo called a neurula?
23. 
    What organ systems are formed from the ectoderm?
24. 
    Specify the derivatives of endoderm.
25. 
    Specify the derivatives of mesoderm.

Task 25. The most important terms and concepts: “Ontogenesis”

Define the terms or expand on the concepts (in one sentence, emphasizing the most important features):

1. Fertilization. 2. Morula. 3. Blastula. 4. Blastocoel. 5. Blastoderma. 6. Coeloblastula. 7. Amphiblastula. 8. Discoblastula. 9. Blastocyst. 10. Gastrula. 11. Gastrocoel. 12. Protostomes. 13. Deuterostomes. 14. Neirula.

Task 26. “Double fertilization of flowering plants”

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 - 24?
2. 
   Where are microspores of flowering plants formed?
3. 
   What is the male gametophyte of flowering plants?
4. 
   What is the female gametophyte of flowering plants?
5. 
   What is formed from a fertilized egg?
6. 
   What is formed from the fertilized central cell?
7. 
   What is formed from integuments? From the walls of the ovary?

Task 27. Complete tests: “Double fertilization”

Write down the test numbers, against each - the correct answer options

Test 1. Number of ovules in the pistil:

1. 
   Always alone.
2. 
   Usually equal to the number of seeds.
3. 
   Usually equal to the number of fruits.
4. 
   Equal to the number of pistils.

Test 2. Flower is an organ of asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction manifests itself:

1. 
   In the formation of seeds.
2. 
   In the formation of fruits.
3. 
   There is a debate in education.
4. 
   In the formation of gametes.

Test 3. Meiosis in flowering plants occurs:

1. 
   During the formation of gametes.
2. 
   When a flower is formed.
3. 
   When a dispute is formed.
4. 
   During the formation of pistils and stamens.

Test 4. The male gametophyte of flowering plants is represented by:

1. 
   A collection of stamens.
2. 
   Pollen sac.
3. 
   Microspore.
4. 
   Pollen grain.

Test 5. The female gametophyte of flowering plants is represented by:

1. 
   With a pestle.
2. 
   Pistil ovary.
3. 
   Ovule.
4. 
   Embryonic sac.

Test 6. From a fertilized egg is formed:

1. 
   Seed.
2. 
   Fetus.
3. 
   Seed embryo.
4. 
   Endosperm.

Test 7. From the fertilized central cell is formed:

1. 
   Fetus.
2. 
   Seed.
3. 
   Seed embryo.
4. 
   Endosperm.

Test 8. From integuments the following is formed:

1. 
   Pericarp.
2. 
   Testa.
3. 
   Endosperm.
4. 
   Cotyledons.

Test 9. The pericarp is formed:

1. 
   From integuments.
2. 
   From the walls of the ovary.
3. 
   From the pestle.
4. 
   From the receptacle.

Test 10. Double fertilization was discovered by:

1. 
   S.G. Navashin.
2. 
   I.V. Michurin.
3. 
   N.I. Vavilov.
4. 
   G. Mendel.

Answers:

Exercise 1. 1. Yes. 2. Not necessary. In hermaphroditic animals, monoecious plants or plants with bisexual flowers, one individual is sufficient. 3. Yes. 4. No, maybe hologamy is the fusion of unicellular organisms, somatogamy is the fusion of protoplasts, karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei. 5. No, during the formation of spores (asexual reproduction) in higher plants, meiosis occurs. 6. Yes, it is necessary to reduce the genetic material, which doubles during the fusion of gametes. 7. Yes. 8. Not always, hermaphroditic organisms inherit the characteristics of one parent. 9. If it is preceded by mitosis, then yes, if it is preceded by meiosis, then a recombination of genetic material occurs and the descendants differ genetically from each other and from the parent individual. 10. Yes. 11. Yes. 12. Yes.

Task 2. 1. 1 - binary fission; 2 - schizogony, multiple fission; 3 - budding; 4 - fragmentation; 5 - vegetative propagation; 6 - reproduction by spores. 2. Usually identical to the genetic material of the mother. 3. They will not, each spore formed as a result of meiosis has a unique set of genes.

Task 3.

Forms of asexual reproduction

Characteristics

Asexual reproduction of bacteria Binary fission Schizogony Sporulation Budding Fragmentation Vegetative propagation Polyembryony

Division in half, not mitosis, occurs within 20 minutes under favorable conditions. Or they reproduce by budding. Mitotic division. Characteristic of protozoa, unicellular algae and somatic cells of multicellular organisms. Multiple division. Characteristic of protozoa and some algae. Spores can be formed mitotically (for example, in algae) and meiotically (for example, in mosses and ferns). In the second case, the spores are genetically unequal. Characteristic of some fungi (for example, yeast), animals (for example, freshwater hydra), and some plants. Reproduction, in which the body is divided into fragments, each of which regenerates missing organs. Plant propagation by vegetative organs (roots, leaves, shoots). Development of several embryos from one zygote.

Task 4.

Comparable features	Asexual reproduction	Sexual reproduction
1. Number of individuals participating in reproduction 2. Genetic material of the offspring 3. Recombination of genetic material 4. Implications for selection	One. The offspring has the genes of only one, the maternal organism. The genetic material is usually the same as that of the mother. Usually absent. Occurs if, for example, spores are formed as a result of meiosis. Leads to a rapid increase in the number of genetically identical offspring.	Usually two. (There are hermaphrodites). Differs from the genetic material of the parent organisms. Occurs during the formation of gametes and their random combination. Supplies genetically heterogeneous material for natural selection.

Task 5.Test 1: 8. Test 2: 4. Test 3: 6. Test 4: 7. Test 5: 3. **Test 6: 1, 3. Test 7: 2.**Test 8: 2, 3. **Test 9: 1, 2, 3. Test 10: 4.

Task 6. 1. a – DNA molecule; b – nucleosome level, 1.75 turns are wound onto a nucleosome; c - nucleosomal fibril, nucleosomes twist into a tight spiral; d – chromonema, nucleosomal phyril is assembled into loops; e – chromatid, which is formed by a spiraling chromonema. 2. 1 - equal-armed (metacentric) chromosomes; 2 - unequal shoulders (submetacentric); 3 - sharply unequal shoulders (acrocentric); 4 - telocentric chromosomes, in which the primary constriction is in the telomere region; 5 - primary constriction, centromere; 6 - secondary constriction (nucleolar organizer); 7 - satellite; 8 - chromatids; 9 - telomeres. 2. Two chromatids, two DNA molecules. 3. During cell division. 4. 2n - 46, n - 23. 5. Paired, identical chromosomes carrying identical genes. 6. About 8 cm in the first chromosome. 7. About 2 meters.

Task 7. 1. 1 - presynthetic (G 1), 2 - synthetic (S), 3 - postsynthetic (G 2). 2. G 1 - 2n2c; at the end of the S-period - 2n4c; G 2 - 2n4c. 3. 4 - prophase, 5 - metaphase, 6 - anaphase, 7 - telophase. 4. Prophase - 2n4c, metaphase - 2n4c, anaphase - 4n4c, telophase - 2n2c.

Task 8.

Periods of interphase and mitosis	Ongoing processes	Number nс
Presynthetic (G 1) Synthetic (S) Postsynthetic (G 2)	Active cell growth, synthesis of structural and functional proteins. In mammalian cells it lasts about 6-10 hours. DNA replication occurs. By the end of the period, each chromosome consists of two chromatids, two DNA molecules. Mitochondria, plastids, and centrioles double. Proteins and energy for division accumulate.	2n2c 2n4c 2n4c
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase	DNA spiralization occurs, chromosomes shorten and thicken, nucleoli disappear, centrioles diverge, and a spindle is formed. The nuclear membrane disintegrates into fragments. Chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles and become independent chromosomes. Chromosomes despiral, a nuclear envelope is formed, a nucleolus appears, and spindle microtubules disappear. The cytoplasm is divided; in animal cells, by constriction; in plant cells, a septum is formed.	2n4c 2n2c

Task 9.Test 1: 2. Test 2: 1. Test 3: 3. Test 4: 1. Test 5: 4. Test 6: 1. **Test 7: 1, 2.Test 8: 3. Test 9: 3. **Test 10: 3, 4, 5.

Task 10. 1. A double set of chromosomes, characteristic of somatic cells. 2. A single set of chromosomes, characteristic of germ cells. 3. Paired, identical chromosomes carrying identical genes. 4. Metacentric – equal arms; sumtacentric – unequal shoulders; acrocentric - sharply unequal shoulders. 5. Having a satellite and a secondary constriction - a nucleolar organizer. 6. Centromere; telomeres. 7. G 1 – 2n2c; end of S-period – 2n4c; G 2 – 2n4c. 8. Prophase 2n4c; metaphase 2n4c; anaphase 4n4c; telophase 2n2c. 9. Chromatin. 10. Expressed chromatin, non-expressed chromatin.

Task 11. 1. Chromosomes in the interphase period, decondensed chromosomes. 2. Structural elements of the chromosome, formed as a result of DNA replication and most clearly distinguishable during the metaphase period. Each chromatid contains 1 DNA molecule. 3. Nucleoprotoid particle. A protein core of four pairs of histone proteins, onto which a DNA fragment is wound, forming 1.75 turns (146 nucleotide pairs). Provides 7-fold DNA compaction. 4. The second level of DNA compaction, when the nucleosome thread is twisted into a tight spiral. Provides 70-fold DNA compaction. 5. The third level of DNA compaction, when the nucleosomal fibril is packaged in the form of close looped rosette-like structures. Can lead to 700-fold compaction of DNA. 6. The terminal sections of chromosomes protect the chromosome from sticking to other chromosomes and from DNA shortening during the replication process. 7. A section of a chromosome containing a kinetochore to which a microtubule is attached during mitosis. 8. Double set of chromosomes. 9. Division of the cytoplasm. 10. Division of the cell nucleus.

Task 12. 1. 2n4c. 2. Prophase 1 - 2n4c, metaphase 1 - 2n4c, anaphase 1 - 2n4c, telophase 1 - n2c. 3. n2c. 4. Prophase 2 - n2c, metaphase 2 - n2c, anaphase 2 - 2n2c, telophase 2 - nc. 5. In prophase 1. 6. In prophase 1, in anaphase 1, in anaphase 2. 7. Reduction of the chromosome set to maintain a constant number of chromosomes when changing generations and recombination of genetic material.

Task 13.

Meiotic divisions	Ongoing processes	Number nс
Prophase-1 Leptotene Zygotene Pachytena Diplotena Diakinesis Metaphase-1 Anaphase-1 Telophase-1	The usual processes for prophase occur; the behavior of chromosomes is divided into phases: The stage of thin threads, the spiralization of chromosomes begins. Conjugation of homologous chromosomes occurs. Crossing over occurs - the exchange of sections of homologous chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes begin to repel each other, but remain connected in the chiasma region. In oocytes, looped genes are visible, chromosomes take on the morphological shape of “lamp brushes”. The final stage of prophase. Chromosomes are held only at the points of the chiasmata. Homologous chromosomes remain connected in some areas and are located in the equatorial plane of the cell. The spindle microtubules are attached to the centromeres. Homologous chromosomes, consisting of two chromatids, are pulled to opposite poles, each pole ends up with a haploid set of chromosomes. Secondary recombination of genetic material occurs. Chromosomes despiral, a nuclear envelope is formed, and the cytoplasm divides.	2n4c n2c
Interphase	Short, no S-period.	n2c
Prophase-2 Metaphase-2 Anaphase-2 Telophase-2	Chromosomes shorten and thicken, centrioles separate and a spindle is formed. The nuclear membrane is destroyed. Chromosomes are located in the equatorial plane of the cell. The spindle microtubules are attached to the centromeres. Chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles and become independent chromosomes. Third recombination of genetic material. Chromosomes despiral, a nuclear envelope is formed, a nucleolus appears, and spindle microtubules disappear. The cytoplasm divides.	n2c n2c 2n2c nc

Task 14.Test 1: 1. Test 2: 2. Test 3: 1. **Test 4: 1, 2, 3,. Test 5: 8. **Test 6: 4, 5, 6. Test 7: 7.Test 8: 8. **Test 9: 1, 3, 7. Test 10: 1.

Task 15. 1. A reduction of the chromosome set occurs to maintain a constant number of chromosomes during generations and recombination of genetic material. 2. 2n4c. 3. n2c. 4. Conjugation and crossing over. 5. Prophase 1 – 2n4c; metaphase 1 – 2n4c; anaphase 1 – 2n4c; telophase 1 – n2c. 6. During prophase and anaphase. 7. There is no S-period. 8. Prophase 2 – n2c; metaphase 2 – n2c; anaphase 2 – 2n2c; telophase 2 – nc. 9. To anaphase 2. 10. To prophase 1, anaphase 1, anaphase 2. 11. Prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, interkinesis, prophase 2, metaphase 2. 12. Four.

Task 16. 1. The process of close convergence of homologous chromosomes. 2. Exchange of sections of homologous chromosomes. 3. Single set of chromosomes. 4. The first division of meiosis, as a result of which the number of chromosomes is reduced. 5. Occurs as a result of the divergence of homologous chromosomes to different poles of the cell. At each pole, a random combination of paternal and maternal chromosomes is collected. 6. As a result of crossing over, the chromatids in the chromosome began to differ from each other; as a result of anaphase, chromosomes unique in their set of genes are assembled at each pole. 7. The second division of meiosis, which results in the formation of cells with a set of chromosomes and DNA nc.

Task 17. 1.2n. 2.2n. 3. After the first division n2с, after the second - nс. 4. Alone.

Task 18. 1. 1 - chromosomes at the metaphase stage 2. 2 - zona pellucida. 3 - shell radiata. 4 - first directional body. 5 - sperm head. 6 - acrosome. 7 - core. 8 - centrioles. 9 - neck. 10 - mitochondria. 11 - intermediate department. 12 - flagellum. 2. About 0.1mm. 3. Even before birth, at the embryonic stage (the real egg is formed only after the penetration of the sperm). 4. The nucleus is in the head, mitochondria are in the intermediate section of the sperm.

Task 19.Test 1: 1. Test 2: 3. Test 3: 4. **Test 4: 1, 3, 4, 5. Test 5: 4. Test 6: 1. Test 7: 3.Test 8: 2. **Test 9: 1, 2. **Test 10: 1, 2, 3.

Task 20. 1. The process of formation of sex cells, gametes. 2. Precursors of germ cells in the reproduction zone. 3. Precursors of germ cells in the growth zone. 4. Precursors of germ cells after reduction division. 5. Alecithal - small eggs (0.1-0.3 mm) with a negligible amount of yolk, characteristic of placental mammals; isolecithal - relatively small eggs with a small amount of evenly distributed yolk (in worms, mollusks). 6. The process of formation of female germ cells. 7. The process of formation of male reproductive cells. 8. Moderately telolecithal eggs in sturgeons and amphibians, have a diameter of up to 2 mm and contain a medium amount of yolk. 9. Strongly telolecithal eggs in reptiles and birds contain a lot of yolk, occupying almost the entire volume of the cytoplasm of the egg. 9. At the animal pole there is a germinal disc with active cytoplasm devoid of yolk. At the vegetative pole there are yolk reserves. 10. Virgin reproduction, a special form of sexual reproduction when the embryo develops without fertilization.

Task 21. 1. 1 - blastoderm; 2 – blastocoel; 3 - ectoderm; 4 - endoderm; 5 - gastrocoel; 6 – blastopore, primary mouth; 7 - neural tube; 8 - chord; 9 – digestive tube; 10 - secondary cavity, whole; 11 – mesodermal pockets; 2. Blastula. 3. Primary body cavity. 4. Blastopore, primary mouth. 5. From ectoderm. 6. Neirula. 7. An additional embryo will form.

Task 22.

Germ layers	Germ layer derivatives
Ectoderm	Epidermis of the skin, hair, nails, sweat, sebaceous and mammary glands. From the neural plate - the nervous system, components of the organs of vision, hearing, smell, tooth enamel, epithelium of the oral cavity and rectum.
Endoderm	Intestines, liver, pancreas and lungs, anterior and middle lobes of the pituitary gland; thyroid gland and parathyroid glands; thymus; Eustachian tube and middle ear cavity.
Mesoderm	Cartilage and bone skeleton, connective tissue layer of skin, skeletal muscles, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems.

Task 23.Test 1: 2. Test 2: 1. Test 3: 1. Test 4: 2. Test 5: 4. Test 6: 3. **Test 7: 1, 2, 5.**Test 8: 6, 7, 8, 10. **Test 9: 3, 4, 8, 9. **Test 10: 4, 5, 6, 8.

Task 24. 1. Ontogenesis. 2. Embryonic development. 3. Postembryonic development. 4. Reproduction zone, growth zone and maturation zone. 5. Gametogonies – 2n, 1st order gametocytes – 2n4c, 2nd order gametocytes – n2c. 6. Four spermatozoa. 7. One egg and three polar bodies. 8. Shiny and radiant. 9. 0.1-0.3 mm. 10. In placental mammals. 11. In lancelets, echinoderms, worms, bivalves and gastropods. 12. In sturgeons and amphibians. 13. In reptiles and birds. 14. Parthenogenesis. 15. In Hymenoptera. 16. In daphnia, aphids. 17. Formation of blastula. 18. primary body cavity. 19. Gastrula. 20. Blastopore. 21. Echinoderms and chordates. 22. Embryo with a formed axial complex. 23. Epidermis of the skin, hair, nails, sweat, sebaceous and mammary glands. From the neural plate - the nervous system, components of the organs of vision, hearing, smell, tooth enamel, epithelium of the oral cavity and rectum. 24. Intestines, liver, pancreas and lungs. 25. Skeleton and muscles, connective tissue layer of the skin, organs of the circulatory, excretory and reproductive systems of the body.

Task 25. 1. Fusion of germ cells. 2. Stage of development of the embryo, consisting of tightly pressed blastomeres without a cavity inside. 3. Stage of development of the embryo during the period of blastulation with a cavity inside. 4. The cavity inside the blastula, the primary body cavity. 5. One or more layers of cells that form the wall of the blastula. 6. Blastula, consisting of a single layer of cells (in lancelets). 7. Blastula, characteristic of amphibians, fragmentation is complete, uneven. Blastoderm made up of several layers of cells. 8. Blastula, characteristic of birds and reptiles, part of the egg is crushed. 9. Blastula, characteristic of mammals. The blastoderm is divided into trophoblast and embryoblast. 10. An embryo in which, as a result of the movement of cell masses, two germ layers have formed - ecto- and endoderm. 11. The gastrula cavity, the primary gut, formed in those animals in which gastrulation occurs by intussusception. 12. Animals in which the blastopore becomes a mouth opening. 13. Animals in which the blastopore becomes the anus, and the oral opening breaks through a second time (echinoderms and chordates). 14. The stage of embryo development in which the axial complex is formed (notochord, neural and digestive tubes, mesodermal pouches).

Task 26. 1. 1 - peduncle; 2 - receptacle; 3 - sepals; 4 - petals of the corolla; 5 - filament; 6 - pollen sac; 7 - pistil ovary; 8 - ovules; 9 - integuments; 10 - micropyle; 11 - placenta; 12 - seed stalk; 13 - nucellus; 14 - egg; 15 - synergids; 16 - central cell; 17 - antipodes; 18 - chalaza; 19 - microsporangia; 20 - exine; 21 - intina; 22 - vegetative cell; 23 - generative cell; 24 - two sperm. 2. In microsporangia, in anther nests. 3. Pollen grain. 4. Embryonic sac. 5. Seed embryo. 6. Triploid endosperm. 7. From the integuments - the seed coat, from the walls of the ovary - the pericarp.

Task 27.Test 1: 2. Test 2: 3. Test 3: 3. Test 4: 4. Test 5: 4. Test 6: 3. Test 7: 4.Test 8: 2. Test 9: 2. Test 10: 1.

Indicate and explain the correct statements:

In asexual reproduction, one individual always participates in reproduction.

Two individuals are required for sexual reproduction.

Asexual reproduction always occurs without the participation of germ cells.

Sexual reproduction always occurs with the help of germ cells.

Asexual reproduction occurs only through mitosis.

During sexual reproduction, meiosis is necessarily present in the life cycle.

In asexual reproduction, offspring inherit characteristics from only one parent.

During sexual reproduction, offspring always inherit the characteristics of two parents.

In asexual reproduction, the offspring are genetically identical to the mother.

During sexual reproduction, the offspring always differ from the parent organisms.

The advantage of asexual reproduction: it allows you to quickly obtain a large number of offspring from a given organism.

The advantage of sexual reproduction: it leads to the creation of unique combinations of gene alleles and supplies material for selection.

Task 2. “Forms of asexual reproduction”

What forms of asexual reproduction are indicated in the figure by numbers 1 - 6?

What genetic material do daughters have during asexual reproduction?

In mosses, meiosis occurs during the formation of spores. Will seedlings grown from different spores be genetically identical?

Task 3. “Forms of asexual reproduction”

Fill the table:

Task 4. “Asexual and sexual reproduction”

Fill the table:

Task 5. “Asexual reproduction”

Write down the test numbers, against each - the correct answer options

Test 1. A form of asexual reproduction characteristic of mosses and ferns:

Test 2. A form of asexual reproduction characteristic of hydra, yeast:

Binary fission. 5. Cloning.

Schizogony. 6. Vegetative propagation.

Fragmentation. 7. Polyembryony.

Budding. 8. Sporulation.

Test 3. A form of asexual reproduction characteristic of fruit and berry crops:

Binary fission. 5. Cloning.

Schizogony. 6. Vegetative propagation.

Fragmentation. 7. Polyembryony.

Budding. 8. Sporulation.

Test 4. Natural form of asexual reproduction known in humans:

Binary fission. 5. Cloning.

Schizogony. 6. Vegetative propagation.

Fragmentation. 7. Polyembryony.

Budding. 8. In humans, there is no asexual reproduction.

Test 5. A form of asexual reproduction characteristic of planaria and some annelids:

Binary fission. 5. Cloning.

Schizogony. 6. Vegetative propagation.

Fragmentation. 7. Polyembryony.

Budding. 8. Sporulation.

**Test 6. Asexual reproduction is characterized by:

The offspring has the genes of only one, the maternal organism.

Offspring are genetically different from the parent organisms.

One individual participates in the formation of offspring.

The offspring is always genetically identical to the maternal organism.

Two individuals usually participate in the formation of offspring.

Test 7. Supplies material for selection and allows the species to adapt to changing environmental conditions:

Asexual reproduction.

Sexual reproduction.

Both asexual and sexual reproduction are equally common.

The form of reproduction does not matter.

**Test 8. Correct judgments:

Parthenogenesis is a special form of asexual reproduction.

Parthenogenesis is a special form of sexual reproduction.

Parthenogenetic development is known in aphids, bees, and daphnia.

Parthenogenetic progeny is known in humans.

**Test 9. Correct judgments:

Hermaphrodites are organisms that can produce both male and female gametes.

Gametes have a haploid set of chromosomes, the zygote has a diploid set.

B.L. Astaurov developed methods for purposefully obtaining 100% of individuals of the same sex.

Bacteria divide by mitosis.

Test 10. Correct judgment:

Asexual reproduction has no advantages over sexual reproduction.

Gametes and the zygote have a haploid set of chromosomes.

Two individuals always take part in sexual reproduction.

Sexual reproduction dramatically increases the hereditary variability of offspring.

15 minutes are allotted to complete the work. The work consists of 2 parts and includes 6 tasks.

PartI consists of 5 basic level tasks. For each task, 4 answer options are given, of which only one is correct. For completing each task - 1 point.

PartII includes 1 advanced level task in which you need to give a short answer in the form of one or two sentences when filling out the table. For completing the task - 5 points.

Points received for completed tasks are summed up. You can score a maximum of 10 points. I wish you success!

Download:

Preview:

MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF RODIONOV-NESVETAYSKY DISTRICT

"AGRAFENOVSKAYA SECONDARY EDUCATION SCHOOL"

346573 words Agrafenovka, Prosveshcheniya st., 5, tel., fax: 25-5-21

INN 6130004222 KPP 613001001 BIC 046015001 OKPO 49806312

Email: [email protected]

Independent work

9th grade

“Bustard”, 2009

Chemistry and Biology Teacher

Rudenko Lyudmila Vladimirovna

2014-2015 academic year

15 minutes are allotted to complete the work. The work consists of 2 parts and includes 6 tasks.

Part I consists of 5 basic level tasks,

Part II includes 1 advanced level task in which

Points received for completed tasks are summed up. You can score a maximum of 10 points. I wish you success!

Performance evaluation system:

Independent work

"Sexual and asexual reproduction"

Option 1.

Part I For each task there are 4 possible answers, of which only one is correct. For completing each task - 1 point.

A. meiosis B. gametogenesis

B. gametes D. don’t know

1. Sex cells are called

B. gametes D. don’t know

A. bacteria B. currant

V. hydra G. I don’t know

A. mitosis B. gametogenesis

B. meiosis D. don’t know

A. mitosis B. gametogenesis

B. meiosis D. don’t know

Part II. You must give a short answer in the form of one or two sentences when filling out the table. For completing the task - 5 points.

1. Give a brief description of the types of asexual reproduction and give an example of someone who is characterized by this type of reproduction.

	Name	a brief description of	Who is suitable for this type of reproduction?
	Budding
	Binary and multiple fission
	Reproduction by spores
	Reproduction by fragments (body division)
	Vegetative propagation

Last name _______________ First name ____________ Date “__” __________20___

Independent work

"Sexual and asexual reproduction"

Option 2.

Part I For each task there are 4 possible answers, of which only one is correct. For completing each task - 1 point.

1. They reproduce vegetatively

A. bacteria B. raspberries

V. hydra G. I don’t know

1. Cell division in which the number of chromosomes in daughter cells is halved is called

A. mitosis B. gametogenesis

B. meiosis D. don’t know

1. Sex cells are called

A. eggs B. sperm

B. gametes D. don’t know

1. The process of formation of germ cells is called

A. meiosis B. gametogenesis

B. gametes D. don’t know

1. Daughter cells with the same set of chromosomes equal to the mother cell are formed in the process

A. mitosis B. gametogenesis

B. meiosis D. don’t know

Part II. You must give a short answer in the form of one or two sentences when filling out the table. For completing the task - 5 points.

1. Describe the sequence of the division process during meiosis.

	Phases of meiosis	Characteristic
First division
	Prophase 1

Test 1. What is the form of asexual reproduction most characteristic of mosses and ferns?

1. Binary fission.
2. Schizogony.
3. Fragmentation.
4. Budding.
5. Cloning.
6. Vegetative propagation.
7. Polyembryony.
8. Sporulation.

Test 2. What form of asexual reproduction is most characteristic of hydra and yeast?

1. Binary fission.
2. Schizogony.
3. Fragmentation.
4. Budding.
5. Cloning.
6. Vegetative propagation.
7. Polyembryony.
8. Sporulation.

Test 3. What form of asexual reproduction is used for the propagation of fruit and berry crops?

1. Binary fission.
2. Schizogony.
3. Fragmentation.
4. Budding.
5. Cloning.
6. Vegetative propagation.
7. Polyembryony.
8. Sporulation.

Test 4. What natural form of asexual reproduction is known in humans?

1. Binary fission.
2. Schizogony.
3. Fragmentation.
4. Budding.
5. Cloning.
6. Vegetative propagation.
7. Polyembryony.
8. Asexual reproduction does not exist in humans.

Test 5. What form of asexual reproduction is characteristic of planaria and some annelids?

1. Binary fission.
2. Schizogony.
3. Fragmentation.
4. Budding.
5. Cloning.
6. Vegetative propagation.
7. Polyembryony.
8. Sporulation.

*Test 6. What is characteristic of asexual reproduction?

1. The offspring has the genes of only one maternal organism.
2. Offspring are genetically different from the parent organisms.
3. One individual participates in the formation of offspring.
4. Two individuals usually participate in the formation of offspring.

Test 7. What form of reproduction allows you to adapt to changing environmental conditions?

1. Asexual reproduction.
2. Sexual reproduction.
3. Both asexual and sexual reproduction are equal.
4. The form of reproduction does not matter.

*Test 8. Please indicate the correct statements.

1. Parthenogenesis is a special form of asexual reproduction.
2. Parthenogenesis is a special form of sexual reproduction.
3. Parthenogenetic development is known in aphids, bees, and daphnia.
4. Parthenogenetic development is known in dandelions.

*Test 9. Please indicate the correct statements.

1. Hermaphrodites are organisms that can produce both male and female gametes.
2. Gametes have a haploid set of chromosomes, the zygote has a diploid set.
3. B.L. Astaurov has developed methods for purposefully obtaining 100% of individuals of the same sex.
4. Bacteria divide by mitosis.

Test 10. Please indicate the correct statement.

1. Asexual reproduction increases the hereditary variability of organisms.
2. Gametes and the zygote have a haploid set of chromosomes.
3. Two individuals always take part in sexual reproduction.
4. Sexual reproduction increases the hereditary variability of offspring.