Adaptation of organisms to environmental conditions as a result of natural selection. All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in physical education When are the Olympic Games celebrated?

1. Sports readiness is the state of an athlete acquired as a result of training, which allows one to achieve certain results in competitive activity.
2. Physical fitness - refers to the level of development of basic physical qualities (strength, flexibility, etc.) for mastering new movements.
3. Sports form is an adaptive state, considered the final phase of the body’s adaptation to extreme-limit work with the manifestation of the phase of maximum performance with the highest functional preparation.
4. Physical training is a process that ensures the improvement of motor abilities necessary in life.
5. Physical training is physical education aimed at preparing a person for a certain type of activity with a pronounced applied direction.
6. Physical performance is a person’s ability to perform certain physical work for a long time without reducing its quality and productivity.
7. Physical performance is a person’s ability to perform a large amount of physical work at a given level of efficiency over a certain period of time.
8. Fitness is a state of the body characterized by progressive functional changes that occur under the influence of repetition of motor actions.
9. Sports training is the main form of training for athletes.
10. Sports training is a set of interrelated physical exercises aimed at increasing the level of physical fitness of an individual.
11. Training is the process of performing physical exercises in order to improve the quality of competitive activity.
12. General physical fitness is a human condition that is acquired as a result of physical training and is characterized by high physical performance, good development of physical qualities, and versatile motor experience.
13. General physical training is a process of improving physical qualities aimed at the comprehensive physical development of a person.
14. A specialized type of physical education, carried out in accordance with the requirements and characteristics of the profession, is called professional-applied physical training.
15. A motor skill is a level of mastery of a movement at which consciousness controls the conditions under which the movement is performed.
16. Motor actions brought to automatism are a motor skill.
17. Motor skill is the level of mastery of a movement at which the consciousness controls the technique of its execution.
18. The most important part of a certain method of solving a motor task is the leading link in the technique of motor action.
19. Physical development is the process of formation, formation and subsequent change throughout the individual life of the natural morphofunctional properties of the body.
20. The process of formation and change in the biological forms and functions of the body, which occurs under the influence of living conditions and upbringing, is called physical development.
21. Physical culture is a part of human culture associated with the physical and spiritual development of a person, which has its own cultural values ​​in the form of knowledge, motor actions and physical exercises.
22. The process and result of human activity aimed at achieving physical improvement of an individual is called physical culture.
23. Physical culture is an integral part of culture, an area of ​​social activity, which is a set of spiritual and material values ​​created and used by society and for the purpose of physical development of a person, strengthening his health, improving motor capabilities, promoting the harmonious development of the individual (Federal Law “On Physical Culture” and sports in the Russian Federation").
24. The physical culture of an individual means the achieved level of physical improvement of a person and the degree of use of acquired qualities, skills and special knowledge in everyday life.
25. Physical culture of a person is a set of human properties that are acquired in the process of physical exercise and are expressed in the active desire of a person to comprehensively and harmoniously improve his body, improve health and lead a healthy lifestyle.
26. The pedagogical process aimed at teaching movements, nurturing physical qualities, nurturing moral and volitional qualities and mastering special physical education knowledge is usually called physical education.
27. The pedagogical process aimed at acquiring a supply of vital motor skills and abilities, at the diversified development of physical abilities, and at improving body shape is called physical education.
28. Physical education is a pedagogical process aimed at forming a healthy, physically and spiritually perfect, morally stable younger generation, strengthening health, increasing efficiency, creative longevity and prolonging human life.
29. Complexes of genetically determined biological and mental properties of the human body, thanks to which motor activity is possible, are usually called physical qualities.
30. Speed ​​is the ability of the human body to perform work with the highest frequency of movement per unit of time.
31. The ability to perform motor actions in a minimum period of time for given conditions is the physical quality of speed.
32. Speed ​​is the ability to move the body and its parts in space in the shortest possible time.
33. Strength as a physical quality is understood as the ability to overcome external resistance and counteract it through muscle effort.
34. The ability to overcome resistance at a high rate of muscle contraction is called velocity strength.
35. Relative strength is the strength that a student can exert in relation to his own weight, that is, the ratio of absolute strength to body weight.
36. Explosive strength is a person’s ability to achieve maximum strength in the shortest possible time while performing a motor action (for example, with a low start in running, throwing).
37. Absolute strength is the ability of athletes to demonstrate maximum muscle tension, overcoming external resistance or counteracting it.
38. static force is a force manifested in conditions when the length of the muscle, when tense, remains constant, and the human body does not change its position in space.
39. Endurance as a physical quality is understood as the ability to perform muscular work for a long time without reducing intensity.
40. Endurance is the ability of the human body to withstand fatigue for a long time during physical activity.
41. A person's ability to perform prolonged and effective work at moderate intensity is called endurance.
42. Speed ​​endurance is the ability to perform high-speed exercises for a long time.
43. Strength endurance is the ability to perform exercises for a long time that require significant strength.
44. Special endurance is a person’s ability to effectively perform work despite fatigue in a certain type of activity. There are “speed”, “coordination”, “strength” and other types of endurance.
45. General endurance is a person’s ability to perform prolonged physical work of moderate intensity with the functioning of most of the muscular system.
46. Flexibility is a property of the musculoskeletal system that determines the degree of mobility of its parts, allowing movements to be performed with greater amplitude.
47. The physical quality of flexibility is a complex of physical properties of the motor system that determines the mobility of its parts.
48. Flexibility is the ability to perform movements with greater amplitude due to muscle effort.
49. Passive flexibility is the maximum range of motion achieved by the application of external forces.
50. Active flexibility is flexibility that is manifested through a person’s own muscular efforts.
51. Agility is the body’s ability to master new movements and quickly switch from one type of activity to another.
52. Agility is the ability to master and perform complex motor actions and quickly adapt in accordance with changing conditions.
53. Human coordination abilities are understood as the ability to control the movements of the body and its parts depending on changes in motor tasks and external conditions.
54. The technique of motor actions is understood as a method of expediently solving a motor task.
55. Physical exercise technique is understood as the performance of motor actions, with the help of which a motor task is solved expediently with relatively greater efficiency.
56. the basis of the technique is the composition and sequence of movements and elements necessary to solve a motor problem in a certain way. For example, a running long jump consists of 4 elements: run-up – take-off – flight – landing.
57. The leading link of technique is the most important element of a motor action, without which this action cannot be performed. For example, you cannot perform a long jump without take-off, but you can do it without a run-up.
58. Physical exercise is the main means of physical culture, contributing to solving the problems of physical education, affecting the physical condition and development of a person.
59. Physical exercises are any motor actions that develop physical qualities, strengthen health and increase a person’s performance, are aimed at achieving the goals of physical education, and are formed and organized according to its laws.
60. A physical cyclic exercise is an exercise consisting of movements that are continuously repeated over a known period of time.
61. An acyclic physical exercise is an exercise consisting of non-repetitive movements.
62. The physical education system is a method of social practice, its foundations, combined into a holistic structure.
63. Motor experience represents the volume of motor actions mastered by a person and the methods of performing them.
64. Sport is a part of physical culture, which is a specific form of competitive activity, preparing athletes to participate in competitions.
65. Amateur sport is a multilateral mass sports movement in the general system of physical education of citizens, which provides the opportunity to improve one’s sports skills and achieve the highest results in various sports.
66. Mass sport is a part of physical culture, which is a mass sports movement that promotes the development of physical culture among the population in order to attract people to physical exercise and identify talented athletes in various sports.
67. Professional sport is a type of sports and entrepreneurial activity, the main goal of which is to generate income through the organization of sports and entertainment events and participation in them.
68. Technical and applied sports are a part of physical culture that requires special preparation of the athlete for competitions using technical means.
69. National sports are a part of physical culture, historically developed in the form of competitive activity and representing unique physical exercises and folk games with original rules and ways of organizing physical activity.
70. International sports competitions are competitions in a sport among athletes (teams), in which representatives of at least five countries take part.
71. High performance sport is a field of sports that ensures the achievement of high sports results and the setting of records.
72. Physical activity is a certain measure of the influence of physical exercise on the body of those involved.
73. Physical activity is a quantitative indicator of the impact of exercise on the functional activity of the body.
74. The volume of the load is determined by the number of exercises performed, the time spent on the lesson, and the mileage of the distances covered.
75. The load dose is a certain amount of it, measured by the parameters of volume and intensity.
76. Load intensity is the ratio of the number of exercises of increased complexity to the total number of exercises over a certain period of time. It is characterized by indicators of tempo and speed of movements, acceleration, heart rate, etc.
77. A motor action is a movement (movement of the body and its parts) performed for a specific purpose.
78. Motor activity is the number of movements performed over a period of time (day, week, month, year).
79. A sport is a type of activity that is the subject of competition and has historically developed as a way of identifying and comparing human capabilities.
80. Sports classification is a system of sports titles, categories and categories that determine the level of skill in individual sports, as well as the level of qualifications of coaches, athletes, instructors, methodologists and judges.
81. The Olympic movement is a joint activity of people, carried out for the benefit of strengthening peace and friendship between peoples in the spirit of mutual understanding, respect and trust, designed to actively promote the humanistic education of peoples based on the ideals of sports.
82. The Olympic Movement is a concerted, organized, universal and permanent effort carried out under the supreme authority of the IOC by all people and organizations inspired by the values ​​of Olympism.
83. The goal of Olympism is to put sport at the service of the harmonious development of man, contributing to the creation of a peaceful society that cares about respecting human dignity.
84. The physical education movement is a joint activity of people to use and enhance the values ​​of physical culture.
85. Physical education (physical education and sports) movement is a form of social movement that helps increase the level of physical culture of the population, the targeted activities of state and public organizations, citizens in the development of physical culture and sports.
86. Physical education is the systematic development by a person of rational ways to control his movements, the acquisition of the necessary fund of motor abilities and skills and related knowledge.
87. The authorized body for physical culture and sports is the central executive body of the republic, exercising the functions of state administration and coordination in the field of physical culture.
88. The system of physical culture and sports is a set of state and public organizations that carry out activities for the purpose of physical education of the population and the development of sports.
89. The competition regulations are the main document of the competition, which is guided by the main panel of judges and in which all aspects of the organization of the competition are provided.
90. Morning exercises (exercises) are a set of physical exercises that ensure a gradual transition from sleep to wakefulness.
91. Physical education, health, sports and sports-technical facilities are facilities intended for citizens to engage in physical exercise, sports and sports entertainment events.
92. Bodybuilding (athletic gymnastics) is a system of exercises with weights aimed at improving health, developing strength and creating a beautiful, harmonious physique.
93. A system of static exercises that develop flexibility and help increase muscle elasticity is “stretching”.
94. Rhythmic gymnastics is a type of health-improving gymnastics, the main content of which is outdoor gear, running, jumping and dance elements, performed to music mainly in a continuous manner (almost without breaks, pauses and stops to explain the exercises.)
95. Shaping is a system of predominantly strength exercises for women aimed at correcting their figure and improving the functional state of the body.
96. Physical training minutes and physical training breaks are short-term sessions of physical exercise, introduced into the daily routine mainly as active recreation to maintain a person’s performance.
97. A sports discipline is an integral part of a sport that differs from other component disciplines in the form or content of competitive activity.
98. Jumping is a way of overcoming distance and obstacles (vertical and horizontal) using an accentuated flight phase.
99. Running is a method of accelerated movement in which single-support and flight phases alternate, that is, supporting one foot on the ground alternates with the flight phase (with the unsupported phase).
100. Walking is a method of movement in which one or two feet remain firmly on the ground.
101. The sports industry is a set of economic entities providing services, production of products for physical education, sports and tourism purposes.
102. The form of classes is a way of organizing and managing the process of classes.
103. Lesson forms are classes provided by a teacher (coach) with a relatively constant educational group for a strictly established time in a specially designated place in accordance with the requirements of the pedagogical laws of training and education.
104. Exercise density is an indicator of the efficiency of using training time, defined as the ratio of the time spent performing exercises to the total time of the lesson.
105. Motor density is the time spent just performing an exercise.
106. The total density also includes the time spent explaining the exercises, transitioning from one sports equipment to another, etc.
107. The method of organizing the activities of students, when everyone performs the same task, is called frontal.
108. The method of organizing the activities of students, which involves the simultaneous performance of different tasks by several groups, is called group.
109. The method of organizing the activities of students, which involves the sequential completion of a series of tasks, dosed individually on the basis of the maximum test, is called circular.
110. Cross-country running is a cross-country race.
111. In certain sports, the kickoff that puts the ball into play is called the serve.
112. The method of holding a sports equipment or object during an exercise is referred to as a grip.
113. The combination of several sports, united by one common criterion - the combat of athletes in a grip, is denoted by the concept of “wrestling”.
114. Olympism is a philosophy of life that elevates and unites the virtues of body, will and mind into a balanced whole.
115. The Olympic flag includes five interlocking rings that symbolize the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from around the world at the Olympic Games.
116. Adaptive physical culture is a type (field) of physical culture for a person with health problems.
117. Autogenic training is self-regulation of the mental state, aimed at relaxing all muscles, relieving nervous tension, calming and normalizing body functions using special self-hypnosis formulas.
118. The process of restoring body functions after illness or injury is called the rehabilitation process.
119. The adaptation of the body, its functional systems, organs and tissues to the conditions of existence is denoted by the concept of “adaptation”.
120. Accented mastery of the elements of any sports discipline is designated by the concept of “specialization.”
121. The periods of ontogenesis, within which the most significant rates of development of certain human abilities are ensured, and particularly favorable preconditions for the formation of certain skills and abilities are created, are called sensitive.
122. Periods of biological development, within which the most favorable conditions for improving individual properties of the body and human abilities are formed, are designated by the concept “sensitive”.
123. Sensitive periods are age-related features of the development of physical qualities.
124. Daily routine is the rational distribution of all types of activities and rest during the day.
125. The daily routine is a purposefully organized, age-appropriate and professional activity, repeating day after day automatism of life processes.
126. A measurement or test carried out to determine the condition, processes, properties or abilities of a person is referred to as a “test”.
127. An individual is a person as a subject of relationships and conscious activity, capable of self-knowledge and self-development.
128. Personality is a person as a subject of relationships and conscious activity with a stable system of socially significant traits that characterize the individual as a member of society or community.
129. Hardening is an increase in the body’s resistance to the influence of external factors using the natural forces of nature.
130. Hardening is a system of hygienic measures aimed at increasing the body’s resistance to the adverse effects of various meteorological factors (heat, cold, solar radiation, low atmospheric pressure).
131. A specific health-improving form of physical culture associated with increasing the body’s resistance to changes in temperature conditions and including sun and air baths, water treatments, is called hardening.
132. Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine.
133. Poor posture is minor deviations in the position of the spine.
134. Posture is the relaxed, habitual posture of a person in an upright position.
135. Asepsis is measures to prevent pathogens from entering a wound. Asepsis is achieved by strict adherence to the rule: everything that comes into contact with the wound must be sterile.
136. Antiseptics are measures to combat pathogens in a wound.
137. Basal metabolism is the minimum amount of energy a person needs to maintain life at rest.
138. The subjective feeling of the state of one’s health, physical and spiritual strength is designated by the term “well-being.”
139. Overfatigue is a condition of the body characterized by a significant increase in the duration of recovery after physical exercise in combination with negative mental symptoms.
140. Fatigue is a process of temporary decrease in performance caused by physical exercise and negatively affecting the speed and quality of mastering new movements.
141. Physical well-being is a state when all organs of the human body are in order, functioning within normal limits and can even, if necessary, work significantly above normal, that is, they have a reserve.
142. Doping is prohibited pharmacological drugs and procedures used to stimulate physical and mental performance and thereby achieve high athletic performance.
143. To define the state of mental tension that arises under the influence of strong stimuli, Hans Silje used the term “stress.”
144. Health is a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
145. Health is a state of the body characterized by perfect self-regulation of organs and systems with a harmonious combination of physical, moral and social well-being.
146. Immunity is the body’s ability, developed through the process of natural selection, to form specific protective substances in response to the introduction of foreign bodies into it.
147. A healthy lifestyle is a way of human life aimed at maintaining and improving people’s health.
148. Preparatory medical group is a group that is formed from students who have minor deviations in physical development and health, as well as insufficient preparedness.
149. A special medical group is a group that consists of students with health conditions in which increased physical activity is contraindicated.
150. Self-monitoring is regular observation of those engaged in their health, physical development, physical fitness, and their changes under the influence of regular physical exercise and sports.
151. Self-control is a form of individual and regulatory activity aimed at providing optimal conditions for physical development.
152. Flat feet – drooping arches of the feet.
153. Physique is the integrity of the morphological and functional characteristics of the body, inherited and acquired under the influence of the environment.
154. Rest is a state of rest or vigorous activity, leading to restoration of strength and performance.
155. A sports injury is the impact of an external factor on the human body, a violation of the integrity and functional state of tissues and organs and the normal course of physiological processes during physical exercise.
156. A functional test is a procedure during which a standard task is performed followed by recording the level of functional changes in order to determine the condition or any of its systems.
157. Myositis is inflammation of the muscle.
158. The pre-start state is the mental state of an athlete that occurs immediately before participating in competitions.
159. Biorhythms are cyclical changes in biological processes occurring in the body, independent of external conditions.
160. Desynchrosis is a disruption of the circadian rhythm, leading to poor sleep, decreased performance and a number of other negative consequences for the body.
161. Proteins are complex nitrogen-containing substances, a component of which are amino acids. The main building material for all organs and tissues of the body.
162. Vitamins are biologically active organic compounds necessary for the normal functioning of the body.
163. Vitamin deficiency - occurs as a result of a long and complete lack of vitamins in the body.
164. Hypervitaminosis – occurs when there is an excess intake of vitamins.
165. Hypovitaminosis is a lack of vitamins in the body.
166. Minerals are inorganic compounds that serve as structural components of teeth, bones, muscles and blood cells.
167. Massage is an effective means of restoring and increasing the body’s performance and improving its functional qualities.
168. The Olympic symbol is five intertwined rings, representing the unity of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from all over the world at the Olympic Games.
169. A healthy lifestyle is the process of a person observing certain forms. Rules and restrictions in everyday life that promote health and optimal adaptation. The body to environmental conditions, a high level of performance in educational and professional activities.
170. An ordinary rest interval is a complete restoration of performance to the original level.
171. Weight is an external resistance to movement (weight, barbell), which complicates the exercise and helps increase muscle effort.
172. Training is an organized, systematic process aimed at acquiring certain knowledge, skills and abilities, under the guidance of teachers.
173. Dolphin is a method of sports swimming that originates as a type of breaststroke.
174. Acrobatics is a system of physical exercises associated with performing body rotations in different planes with and without support and maintaining balance by one athlete, together or in groups.
175. A person’s readiness to achieve a goal, despite dangers, infringing on personal well-being, overcoming adversity, suffering, and deprivation, is reflected in courage.
176. The formation of a person as an individual in the process of physical education and sports is called “socialization”.
177. The process of a person mastering a system of knowledge, norms and values ​​of physical culture that contributes to his functioning as a full member of society is designated by the term “socialization.”
178. The ability to make informed and sustainable decisions in a timely manner and to proceed to their implementation without unnecessary delays is called decisiveness.
179. Features of people's everyday life in specific socio-economic conditions characterize the concept of “lifestyle”.
180. Conscious submission of one's behavior to social rules is called discipline.
181. The free movement of a body relative to the axis of rotation is called “swing”.
182. The position of those exercising on bent legs is called a squat.
183. The rapid transition from an emphasis to a hang is called a decline.
184. The position of those exercising when their shoulders are above the support points is called support.
185. In athletics, the projectile thrown after the “jump” is called the core.
186. The position of the student on the apparatus, in which his shoulders are below the grip points, is denoted in gymnastics by the concept of “hanging.”
187. The position of the student, in which the legs are bent at the knees, the arms are pulled to the chest and the hands grab the knees, is denoted by the concept of “tuck”.
188. The transition from hanging to point-blank range or from a lower to a high position in gymnastics is designated by the concept of “lifting.”
189. A rotational movement through the head with sequential contact with the supporting surface by individual parts of the body in gymnastics is designated by the concept of “somersault”.
190. Methods of performing motor actions, with the help of which a motor task is solved with relatively greater efficiency, are usually called a form of physical exercise.
191. The entry of a substitute player onto the court instead of a main player in games is usually called a substitution.
192. Reflexes are reactions of the body that occur to irritation of receptors with the obligatory participation of the nervous system (the main mechanism of the central nervous system).
193. Respiration refers to the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and its environment.
194. The vital capacity of the lungs (VC) is the amount of air that a person is able to exhale after a maximum inhalation.
195. The greatest amount of oxygen that the body can consume during extremely strenuous work is called maximum oxygen consumption (MOC).

The grandiose inventions of the human mind never cease to amaze, there are no limits to imagination. But what nature has created for many centuries surpasses the most creative ideas and plans. Nature has created more than one and a half million species of living individuals, each of which is individual and unique in its forms, physiology, and adaptability to life. Examples of adaptation of organisms to constantly changing living conditions on the planet are examples of the wisdom of the creator and a constant source of problems for biologists to solve.

Adaptation means adaptability or habituation. This is the process of gradual degeneration of the physiological, morphological or psychological functions of a creature in a changed environment. Both individuals and entire populations are subject to change.

A striking example of direct and indirect adaptation is the survival of flora and fauna in the zone of increased radiation around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Direct adaptability is characteristic of those individuals that managed to survive, get used to it and begin to reproduce; some did not survive the test and died (indirect adaptation).

Since the conditions of existence on Earth are constantly changing, the processes of evolution and adaptation in living nature are also a continuous process.

A recent example of adaptation is a change in the habitat of a colony of green Mexican aratinga parrots. Recently, they changed their usual habitat and settled in the very mouth of the Masaya volcano, in an environment constantly saturated with highly concentrated sulfur gas. Scientists have not yet provided an explanation for this phenomenon.

Types of adaptation

A change in the entire form of existence of an organism is a functional adaptation. An example of adaptation, when a change in conditions leads to mutual adaptation of living organisms to each other, is a correlative adaptation or co-adaptation.

Adaptation can be passive, when the functions or structure of the subject occur without his participation, or active, when he consciously changes his habits to match the environment (examples of people’s adaptation to natural conditions or society). There are cases when a subject adapts the environment to suit his needs - this is objective adaptation.

Biologists divide types of adaptation according to three criteria:

• Morphological.
• Physiological.
• Behavioral or psychological.

Examples of adaptation of animals or plants in their pure form are rare; most cases of adaptation to new conditions occur in mixed species.

Morphological adaptations: examples

Morphological changes are changes in the shape of the body, individual organs, or the entire structure of a living organism that occurred during the process of evolution.

Below are morphological adaptations, examples from the animal and plant world, which we consider as a matter of course:

• Degeneration of leaves into spines in cacti and other plants of arid regions.
• Turtle shell.
• Streamlined body shapes of inhabitants of reservoirs.

Physiological adaptations: examples

A physiological adaptation is a change in a number of chemical processes occurring inside the body.

• The release of a strong odor by flowers to attract insects contributes to dust.
• The state of suspended animation that protozoa are capable of entering allows them to maintain vital activity after many years. The oldest bacteria capable of reproducing is 250 years old.
• Accumulation of subcutaneous fat, which is converted into water, in camels.

Behavioral (psychological) adaptations

Examples of human adaptation are more related to the psychological factor. Behavioral characteristics are common to flora and fauna. Thus, in the process of evolution, changes in temperature conditions cause some animals to hibernate, birds to fly south to return in the spring, trees to shed their leaves and slow down the movement of sap. The instinct to choose the most suitable partner for procreation drives the behavior of animals during the mating season. Some northern frogs and turtles freeze completely during the winter and thaw and come to life when the weather gets warmer.

Factors driving the need for change

Any adaptation process is a response to environmental factors that lead to environmental change. Such factors are divided into biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic.

Biotic factors are the influence of living organisms on each other, when, for example, one species disappears, which serves as food for another.

Abiotic factors are changes in the surrounding inanimate nature, when the climate, soil composition, water supply, and solar activity cycles change. Physiological adaptations, examples of the influence of abiotic factors - equatorial fish that can breathe both in water and on land. They have adapted well to conditions where drying up of rivers is a common occurrence.

Anthropogenic factors are the influence of human activity that changes the environment.

Adaptations to the environment

• Illumination. In plants, these are separate groups that differ in their need for sunlight. Light-loving heliophytes live well in open spaces. In contrast to them are sciophytes: plants of forest thickets that feel good in shaded places. Among the animals there are also individuals that are designed for an active lifestyle at night or underground.
• Air temperature. On average, for all living things, including humans, the optimal temperature environment is considered to be from 0 to 50 o C. However, life exists in almost all climatic regions of the Earth.

Contrasting examples of adaptation to abnormal temperatures are described below.

Arctic fish do not freeze thanks to the production of a unique antifreeze protein in the blood, which prevents the blood from freezing.

The simplest microorganisms have been found in hydrothermal vents, where the water temperature exceeds boiling degrees.

Hydrophyte plants, that is, those that live in or near water, die even with a slight loss of moisture. Xerophytes, on the contrary, are adapted to live in arid regions and die in high humidity. Among animals, nature has also worked to adapt to aquatic and anhydrous environments.

Human adaptation

Man's ability to adapt is truly enormous. The secrets of human thinking are far from fully revealed, and the secrets of people's adaptive ability will remain a mysterious topic for scientists for a long time. The superiority of Homo sapiens over other living beings lies in the ability to consciously change their behavior to suit the demands of the environment or, conversely, the world around them to suit their needs.

The flexibility of human behavior manifests itself every day. If you give the task: “give examples of people’s adaptation,” the majority begins to remember exceptional cases of survival in these rare cases, and in new circumstances it is typical for a person every day. We try on a new environment at the moment of birth, in kindergarten, school, in a team, or when moving to another country. It is this state of acceptance of new sensations by the body that is called stress. Stress is a psychological factor, but nevertheless, many physiological functions change under its influence. In the case when a person accepts a new environment as positive for himself, the new state becomes habitual, otherwise stress threatens to become protracted and lead to a number of serious diseases.

Human coping mechanisms

There are three types of human adaptation:

• Physiological. The simplest examples are acclimatization and adaptation to changes in time zones or daily work patterns. In the process of evolution, different types of people were formed, depending on the territorial place of residence. Arctic, alpine, continental, desert, equatorial types differ significantly in physiological indicators.
• Psychological adaptation. This is a person’s ability to find moments of understanding with people of different psychotypes, in a country with a different level of mentality. Homo sapiens tend to change their established stereotypes under the influence of new information, special occasions, and stress.
• Social adaptation. A type of addiction that is unique to humans.

All adaptive types are closely related to each other; as a rule, any change in habitual existence causes in a person the need for social and psychological adaptation. Under their influence, mechanisms of physiological changes come into play, which also adapt to new conditions.

This mobilization of all body reactions is called adaptation syndrome. New reactions of the body appear in response to sudden changes in the environment. At the first stage - anxiety - there is a change in physiological functions, changes in the functioning of metabolism and systems. Next, protective functions and organs (including the brain) are activated and begin to turn on their protective functions and hidden capabilities. The third stage of adaptation depends on individual characteristics: a person either joins a new life and returns to normal (in medicine, recovery occurs during this period), or the body does not accept stress, and the consequences take a negative form.

Phenomena of the human body

A person has a huge reserve of safety inherent in nature, which is used in everyday life only to a small extent. It manifests itself in extreme situations and is perceived as a miracle. In fact, the miracle lies within us. Example of adaptation: the ability of people to adapt to normal life after the removal of a significant part of their internal organs.

Natural innate immunity throughout life can be strengthened by a number of factors or, conversely, weakened due to an incorrect lifestyle. Unfortunately, addiction to bad habits is also a difference between humans and other living organisms.

Question 1. Give examples of the adaptability of organisms to living conditions.
In animals, body shape, coloring, and behavior can be adaptive. So, for example, the hooves of a horse are the most convenient for quickly moving through open spaces, the retractable claws of cats ensure silent movement, aquatic mammals have formed a fish-like body for the most efficient movement in water, birds with different speeds and flight patterns develop one or another wing shape . Among insects that do not have active means of defense, a body shape that imitates background objects, for example, a praying mantis, stick insects, and butterfly caterpillars, is widespread. Some organisms are capable of taking on colors that match the background in which they live (chameleon, flounder).

Question 2. Why do some animal species have bright unmasking colors?
Bright coloring is usually characteristic of poisonous animals and warns predators about the inedibility of the object of their attack; it is characteristic of poisonous, stinging or burning insects (bees, wasps, blister beetles, etc.). The ladybug, which is very noticeable, is never pecked by birds because of the poisonous secretion secreted by the insect. Inedible caterpillars, many poisonous frogs, and snakes have bright warning colors. This coloring warns the predator in advance of the futility and danger of an attack. Through trial and error, predators quickly learn to avoid attacking prey with warning colors.

Question 3. What is the essence of the phenomenon of mimicry?
Mimicry is the resemblance of a defenseless and edible species to one or more unrelated species that are well protected and have warning colors. The phenomenon of mimicry is common in butterflies and other insects. Many insects imitate stinging insects. Beetles, flies, and butterflies are known to copy wasps, bees, and bumblebees. Mimicry also occurs in vertebrates - snakes. In all cases, the similarity is purely external and is aimed at forming a certain visual impression among potential enemies.

Question 4. How is the low abundance of the copycat species maintained?
The imitation of one species by another is justified: a significantly smaller proportion of individuals of both the species that served as the model and the imitator species are exterminated. It is necessary, however, that the number of the imitator species be significantly less than the number of the model species. Otherwise, enemies will not develop a stable negative reflex to the warning coloring. The fact that the gene pool of these species is saturated with lethal mutations makes it possible to maintain the number of the simulator species at the required level. In the homozygous state, these mutations cause the death of the organism, resulting in a high percentage of individuals not reaching sexual maturity.

Question 5. Does natural selection apply to animal behavior? Give examples.
For the survival of organisms in the struggle for existence, adaptive behavior is of great importance. The effectiveness of adaptive coloration and body shape increases sharply in combination with behavior. For example, the ability of cats to sit in ambush for a long time and make lightning-fast jumps ensures the success of the ambush predator's hunt. The wolf's ability to come downwind and hunt in a pack are useful qualities for this hunter. Undoubtedly, it is justified for some animals to stockpile food for the unfavorable season of the year. For example, the root vole stores up to 10 kg of cereals, grains, roots and dry grass. Hiding in case of danger for organisms that do not have active methods of defense allows them to save life.

Question 6. Why do the number of offspring decrease in animal species that care for offspring? Give examples.
In low-organized organisms, the offspring are most often left to the mercy of fate. This is what explains such a high fertility of invertebrates and lower vertebrates. A large number of descendants in conditions of high extermination of juveniles serves as a means of struggle for the existence of the species. With developed care for the offspring, the number of surviving and reaching sexual maturity offspring increases sharply, which makes it possible to reduce their initial number.

Question 7. What is the relative nature of adaptive traits in organisms? Give examples typical of plants and animals.
The structure of living organisms is very finely adapted to the conditions of existence. Any species characteristic or property is of an adaptive nature, appropriate in a given environment, in given living conditions, only in the usual environment for the species. When environmental conditions change, they become useless or even harmful to the body. Thanks to mimicry, most birds leave wasps and bees alone, but there are species that eat both wasps and bees and their imitators. The hedgehog and the secretary bird eat poisonous snakes without harm. The shell of land turtles reliably protects them from enemies, but birds of prey lift them into the air and smash them to the ground.
Any adaptations are advisable only in the usual environment for the species. When environmental conditions change, they turn out to be useless or harmful to the body. The constant growth of the incisors of rodents is a very important feature, but only when feeding on solid food. If a rat is kept on soft food, the incisors, without wearing out, grow to such a size that feeding becomes impossible. Thus, all the features of the structure and behavior of cats are appropriate for a predator ambushing prey: soft pads on the fingers, retractable claws, the ability to see in the dark. At the same time, in open spaces all these devices are useless.
The deep root system of desert plants is not beneficial in humid habitats. The transformation of limbs into flippers in aquatic mammals is useful for living in water, but on land cetaceans are motionless, and pinnipeds move very clumsily.
Thus, any structure and any function are an adaptation to specific environmental conditions, i.e. adaptations are relative. None of the adaptive characteristics provides absolute safety for their owners.

Cards-tasks for independent and home study of students (option No. 1)

Card No. 1. The term “Olympiad” in ancient Greece meant...

A. synonymous with the Olympic Games.

b. a meeting of athletes in one city.

V. four-year period between Olympic Games.

d. the first year of the quadrennial, the onset of which is celebrated with games.

2. When are the Olympic Games celebrated?

A. It depends on the decision of the IOC.

b. During the first year of the celebrated Olympics.

V. During the second calendar year following the year the Olympics begin.

d. During the last year of the celebrated Olympics.

3. For the first time since 1912, athletes of our country competed under Russian

flag in...

A. 1992 at the XVI Games in Albertville, France.

b. 1992 at the Games of the XXV Olympiad in Barcelona, ​​Spain.

V. 1994 at the XVII Games in Lillehammer, Norway.

1996 at the Games of the XXVI Olympiad in Atlanta, USA.

4. Olga Danilova, Galina Kulakova, Larisa Lazutina, Raisa Smetanina, Vyacheslav Vedenin, Vladimir Smirnov, Evgeny Dementyev - Olympic champions in...

A. ski racing. V. gymnastics

b. biathlon. G. swimming.

5. Vladimir Kuts, Valery Borzov, Viktor Saneev, Valery Brumel - Olympic champions in...

A. hockey. V. wrestling and boxing.

b. gymnastics G. athletics.

6. The meaning of physical culture as a component of society’s culture is...

A. strengthening the health and nurturing the physical qualities of people.

b. learning motor actions and improving performance.

V. improving the natural, physical properties of people.

d. creation of specific spiritual values.

7. The meaning of physical education is...

A. in creating conditions for the processes of human physical development.

b. in the formation of motor skills and the development of physical qualities.

V. in increasing the physical performance and preparedness of a person.

in health promotion and disease prevention.

8. Which of the presentedNot is a distinctive feature

physical culture?

A. ensuring life safety.

b. types of gymnastics, sports, games, types of exercises

V. knowledge, principles, rules and methods of using exercises..

d. active motor activity of a person.

9. What is the name of the activity that forms the basis of physical culture?

A. Physical training. V. Physical development.

b. Physical improvement. G. Physical exercise.

10. Physical development means...

A. a set of indicators such as height, weight, chest circumference,

vital capacity, dynamometry.

b. level due to heredity and regularity of exercise

physical culture and sports.

V. the process of changing the morpho-functional properties of the body to

throughout an individual's life.

d. muscle size, body shape, breathing functionality

and blood circulation, physical performance.

11. The specificity of physical education, as one of the types of education, is...

A. in the formation of human motor skills.

b. in the education of human physical qualities.

V. in increasing human physical performance.

in all of the above.

12. Physical training is...

A. the process of learning movements and developing physical qualities.

b. level of development characterized by high performance.

V. physical education with a pronounced applied effect.

d. the process of promoting health and increasing motor capabilities

13. Indicate which tasks solution contributes to the achievement of the overall goal

physical education?

Adaptation tasks. 5. Methodological tasks.

Educational tasks. 6. Educational objectives.

Hygiene tasks. 7. Health goals

Motor tasks. 8. Competitive tasks.

A. 1, 5, 7. b. 2, 5, 8. c. 2, 6, 7. d. 3, 4, 6.

14. Tasks for strengthening and maintaining health in the process of physical

education is decided on the basis of...

A. hardening and physiotherapeutic procedures.

b. improving your physique.

V. ensuring full physical development.

d. formation of motor skills.

15. The structure of the process of learning motor actions is determined...

A . individual characteristics of the student.

b. biomechanical characteristics of motor action.

V. the relationship between teaching and upbringing methods.

d. patterns of formation of motor skills.

16. The health value of physical exercise determines its...

A. form. b. content. V. technique. G. hygiene.

17. Motor skills are usually called...

A. the ability to perform an exercise without activating attention.

b. correct execution of motor actions.

V. level of movement proficiency when activating attention.

d. methods of controlling motor actions.

18. Complexes of genetically determined biological and mental properties of the human body, thanks to which motor activity is possible, are usually designated as...

A. functional systems. V. physical qualities.

b. muscle tension. d. coordination abilities.

A. coordination. b. speed. V. endurance. G. flexibility.

20. The best conditions for developing reaction speed are created during...

A. outdoor and sports games. V. speed-strength exercises.

b. jumping up from a place. d. deep jumps.

21. The factor predominantly determining the manifestation of general endurance is the level of development...

A. speed-strength abilities.

b. personal and mental qualities.

V. functional efficiency.

aerobic capacity.

22. The method of uniform continuous exercise is the most common in raising...

A. special endurance. V. general endurance.

b. speed endurance. d. elementary forms of endurance.

23. Indicate which problem solving is typical for the main part of the lesson

physical culture?

1. Functional preparation of the body.

2. Learning motor actions.

3. Posture correction.

4. Education of physical qualities.

5. Restoration of performance.

6. Activation of attention.

A. 1, 4. b. 2, 4. V. 2, 6. G. 3, 5.

24. What exercises are not effective in building a physique?

A. Exercises to improve speed of movement.

b. Exercises to help reduce body weight.

V. Exercises combined in the form of circuit training.

d. Exercises that help increase muscle mass.

25. Improving the spiritual and natural powers of a person is mainly characteristic of ... activity.

A. professional v. physical education

b. corrective, Sportivnaya

26. Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna) in the book “The Canon of Medical Science”, in the chapter “Preserving Health”, indicated that the main thing for maintaining health is...

A. sleeping mode. V. sport mode.

b. diet. d. motor mode.

27. The starting point for the emergence of physical education is the awareness of the possibility ...

A. mastering motor actions. V. health promotion.

b. education of physical qualities. d. exercise.

28. A healthy lifestyle is a way of life aimed at...

A. development of physical qualities of people.

b. maintaining high performance of people.

V. maintaining and improving people's health.

d. preparation for professional activity.

Open-ended tasks

Complete the statement by writing the appropriate word on the answer sheet

29. The free movement of a body relative to the axis of rotation is called....

30. The position of those exercising on bent legs is called....

31. A quick transition from support to hanging is called...

32. The transition from hanging to point-blank range or from a lower to a high position in gymnastics is designated as....

33. A temporary decrease in performance is usually called...

34. The pedagogical process aimed at teaching movements, nurturing physical qualities, mastering special physical education knowledge and nurturing moral and volitional qualities is usually called physical...

35. The process of formation and change in the biological forms and functions of the body, which occurs under the influence of living conditions and upbringing, is called physical...

36. The most significant result of the full functioning of physical culture in society is associated with the concept of “physical ...”.

37. The level of physical development and preparedness of a person that meets the requirements of life is usually designated as physical….

38. In the dynamics of performance, the phase of fatigue caused by physical activity is followed by a phase...

39. The subjective feeling of the state of one’s health, physical and spiritual strength is designated as ...

40. The adaptation of an organism to living conditions is indicated by the concept...

Cards-tasks for independent and home study of students (option No. 2)

Theoretical tour

Write down the letter of the correct, in your opinion, ending of the phrase or answer for each item (1-30) on the answer form:

1. The term “Olympiad” in ancient Greece meant...

A. synonymous with the Olympic Games.

B. a meeting of athletes in one city.

B. a four-year period between the Olympic Games.

D. the first year of the quadrennial, the onset of which is celebrated with games.

2. The International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Winter Olympic Games in .... year.

A. 1923 b. 1924 c. 1925 1926

3. The USSR made its debut at the Winter Olympic Games in...

A. 1952 at the VI Games in Oslo (Norway).

B. 1952 at the XV Games in Helsinki (Finland).

B. 1956 at the VII Games in Cortina d’Ampezzo (Italy).

G. 1956 at the XVI Games in Melbourne (Australia).

4. For the first time since 1912, athletes from our country competed under the Russian flag in...

A. 1992 at the XVI Games in Albertville, France.

B. 1992 at the Games of the XXV Olympiad in Barcelona, ​​Spain.

B. 1994 at the XVII Games in Lillehammer, Norway.

G. 1996 at the Games of the XXVI Olympiad in Atlanta, USA.

5. Olga Danilova, Galina Kulakova, Larisa Lazutina, Raisa Smetanina, Vyacheslav Vedenin, Vladimir Smirnov, Evgeniy Dementyev - Olympic champions in...

A. ski racing. V. gymnastics

B. biathlon. swimming.

6. Vladimir Kuts, Valery Borzov, Viktor Saneev, Valery Brumel - Olympic champions in...

A. hockey. V. wrestling and boxing.

B. gymnastics. athletics.

7. Training in motor actions and education of physical qualities is the basis...

A. physical culture. V. health promotion.

B. physical development. g. physical education.

8. Which of the presented Not is a distinctive feature

Physical culture?

A. ensuring life safety.

B. types of gymnastics, sports, games, types of exercise sets

B. knowledge, principles, rules and methods of using exercises.

D. active motor activity of a person.

9. What is the name of the activity that forms the basis of physical culture?

A. Physical training.

B. Physical improvement.

B. Physical development.

D. Physical exercise.

10. Physical development means...

A. a complex of indicators such as height, weight, chest circumference,

Vital capacity of the lungs, dynamometry.

B. level due to heredity and regularity of exercise

Physical culture and sports.

B. the process of changing the morpho-functional properties of the body to

Over the course of an individual's life.

D. muscle size, body shape, functionality

Respiration and circulation, physical performance.

11. The dynamics of individual human development are determined by...

A. the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors.

B. human genetics and heredity.

B. the influence of social and environmental factors.

G. human motor activity.

12. Heterochronicity of development is manifested in...

A. genetic control of the developmental phases of the organism.

B. uneven maturation of different body systems.

B. a gradual slowdown in the rate of change in the properties of the body.

G. spasmodic acceleration of development during puberty

13. The main indicator characterizing the stages of development of an organism is...

A. biological age.

B. calendar age.

B. skeletal and dental age

G. sensitive period.

14. Indicate which tasks contribute to the implementation of the general goal of physical education?

1. 
   Adaptation tasks. 5. Methodological tasks.
2. 
   Educational tasks. 6. Educational objectives.
3. 
   Hygiene tasks. 7. Health goals
4. 
   Motor tasks. 8. Competitive tasks.

15. The tasks of strengthening and maintaining health in the process of physical education are solved on the basis of...

A. hardening and physiotherapeutic procedures.

B. improving the physique.

B. ensuring full physical development.

D. formation of motor skills.

16. The structure of the process of learning motor actions is determined...

A. individual characteristics of the student.

B. biomechanical characteristics of motor action.

B. the relationship between teaching and upbringing methods.

D. patterns of formation of motor skills.

17. The emergence of physical exercise is historically due mainly...

A. the level of development of primitive people.

B. the conditions of human existence.

B. the nature of labor and combat actions of people.

D. geographical location of human habitation.

18. The load of physical exercise is characterized by...

A. the magnitude of their impact on the body.

B. tension of certain muscle groups.

B. time and number of repetitions of motor actions.

D. preparedness of those involved, their age and condition

Health.

19. The health value of physical exercise determines its...

A. shape. b. content. V. technique. d. hygiene.

20. The relationship between the volume and intensity of physical activity is characterized by...

A. an increase in the body's responses.

B. inversely proportional relationship.

B. indicators of tempo and speed of movements.

D. directly proportional dependence.

21. The most common method of developing strength abilities is...

A. electrical stimulation.

B. variable exercises performed “to failure”.

B. circuit training based on strength exercises.

D. use of maximum and non-limit weights.

A. coordination. b. speed. V. endurance. d. flexibility.

23. The most common method of improving speed-strength abilities is...

A. interval training.

B. method of repeated exercises.

B. method of performing exercises with variable intensity.

D. method of dismembered-constructive exercise.

24. The best conditions for developing reaction speed are created during...

A. outdoor and sports games.

B. jumping up from a place.

B. speed-strength exercises.

G. depth jumps.

25. The most common method of developing endurance is the use of...

A. "fartlek". V. uniform continuous exercise.

B. interval mode. d. continuous exercise in alternating

26. The factor that primarily determines the manifestation of general endurance is the level of development...

A. speed-strength abilities.

B. personal and mental qualities.

B. functional economy.

G. aerobic capacity.

27. The most effective method of developing speed abilities is...

A. repeated. b. interval. V. variable. g. "explosive"

28. Indicate which problem solving is typical for the main part of a physical education lesson?

1. Functional preparation of the body.

2. Learning motor actions.

3. Posture correction.

4. Education of physical qualities.

5. Restoration of performance.

6. Activation of attention.

A. 1, 4. b. 2, 4. c. 2, 6. d. 3, 5.

29. Indicate the preferred sequence of exercises for morning exercises.

1. Exercises that increase flexibility.

2. Breathing, relaxation and recovery exercises.

3. Leg exercises: lunges, squats, jumps.

4. Exercises that activate the cardiovascular system

5. Exercises that strengthen major muscle groups.

6. Exercises that help the body transition to working

State.

7. Exercises that strengthen the abdominal muscles.

A. 1, 2, 3. 4, 5, 6, 7. c. 3, 5, 7, 1, 3, 2, 4.

B. 2, 6, 7, 1, 4, 5, 3. D. 6, 4, 5, 1, 7, 3, 2.

30. What exercises are ineffective in building a physique?

A. Exercises that help increase the speed of movements.

B. Exercises to help reduce body weight.

B. Exercises combined in the form of circuit training.

D. Exercises that help increase muscle mass.

Complete the phrases (31-50) by writing the corresponding word (phrase) in the answer form:

31. Free movement of a body relative to the axis of rotation -….

32. The impact on the human body of an external factor that disrupts the structure and integrity of tissues and the normal course of physiological processes - ...

33. The position of those exercising on bent legs is….

34. The state of the body, characterized by perfect self-regulation of organs and systems, a harmonious combination of physical, moral and social well-being - ....

35. Quick transition from emphasis to hanging - ...

36. Bending the supporting leg before pushing off in skiing is designated as....

37. The transition from hanging to point-blank range or from a lower to a high position in gymnastics is designated as....

38. The position of the student on the apparatus, in which his shoulders are below the grip points, in gymnastics is designated as ....

39. Temporary decrease in performance is usually called...

40. The position of the student, in which the legs are bent at the knees, the arms are pulled to the chest and the hands grab the knees, in gymnastics is designated as ....

41. The pedagogical process aimed at teaching movements, nurturing physical qualities, mastering special physical education knowledge and nurturing moral and volitional qualities is usually called...

42. Rotational movement through the head with sequential touching of the supporting surface by individual parts of the body in gymnastics is designated ....

43. Increasing the body’s resistance to the influence of external factors occurs when using the natural forces of nature in the process...

44. The most significant result of the full functioning of physical culture in society is associated with the concept of “physical ...”.

45. In the dynamics of performance after achieving supercompensation in the absence of repetition of the load, ...

46. ​​In the dynamics of performance, the phase of fatigue caused by physical activity is followed by a phase...

47. Restoration of body functions after illnesses or injuries is usually called the process...

48. The subjective feeling of the state of one’s health, physical and spiritual strength is designated as ...

49. The adaptation of an organism to living conditions is indicated by the concept ...

50. The method of holding a sports equipment or object during an exercise is designated as...

Participant code___________

All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in physical education

Municipal stage, 2009/2010 academic year

Theoretical tour

ANSWER FORM